We have suggested that all that we label as "psychopathological" may be seen as the mind misperceiving or misinterpreting the status of its own contents and its own functions:

Trauma

Trauma and its re-experiencing in flashbacks (PTSD) may entail a collapse of mentalizing, evident in an experience of mind-world correspondence wherein mental states are equated with reality (Psychic equivalence) while simultaneously the sufferer is decoupled from current reality (Pretend mode).

Depression

Depression entails the adoption of an over-involvement with mood-related cognitions (Psychic equivalence in relation to negative self statements, and statements about the world, or the future.)

Borderline personality

May be viewed as a fear of minds - with a proneness either to avoid mentalizing - using Teleological thinking, or at times to engage in over-active (pseudo)-mentalizing that is nonetheless inaccurate (Pretend mode) and may be overinterpreted (Psychic equivalence).

Psychosis

May be seen as an an overactivity of mentalizing, with Psychic equivalence